“Chapter 6: Writing The Proposal” in “Chapter 6: Writing the Proposal”
Chapter 6: Writing the Proposal
To Whom It May Concern, I am writing to ask for grant funding. Our organization needs funds to help kids with their education. We need $50,000 to keep our afterschool program running. We have had success and can do more. We need money for tutors and other materials. Please donate if you can. Further information is on our website. Thanks, Dodo McBird drizz420@gmail.com |
Kids are great. Education is important. After school programs have been shown to be an effective way of helping kids and increasing their educational outcomes. This letter, however, is a mess.
Writing effective grant proposals requires a combination of strategic thinking, careful planning, and, most importantly, strong writing skills. While searching for grant sources, identifying appropriate alliances, engaging in conversations with funders, and calculating budget line items are all crucial steps in the grant-seeking process, they do not overshadow the necessity for grant writers to, well, write (and write well).
Central to writing well is understanding your audience and consistently keeping their wants and needs in mind throughout the writing process. This audience-centric approach ensures that the proposal is tailored to meet the specific interests and criteria of the funders, making it more likely to stand out among numerous submissions.
Secondary, but equally important, are the grammatical, structural, and stylistic elements of writing. Effective communication in grant proposals depends on clear, concise, and engaging language that conveys the project's goals, methods, and impacts without unnecessary complexity. Proper grammar, logical structure, and a consistent style contribute to a professional and polished presentation, which can significantly influence the funders' perception of the proposal.
In this chapter, we will delve into the writing itself. We will explore strategies for understanding and addressing your audience, techniques for maintaining clarity and engagement in your writing, and best practices for ensuring grammatical and structural excellence. By mastering these aspects, you will be better equipped to craft compelling proposals that resonate with funders and increase your chances of securing the necessary support for your projects.
Quality Writing for Grant Proposals: The Key to Success
If you were reviewing grant applications and read, “There is a need to rethink the way school lunch works in Iowa” on one and “The need to rethink school nutrition programs is immediate. Persistently high food and labor costs, ongoing procurement challenges and the end of pandemic-era financial assistance, have dramatically increased financial pressures”, which one would you be more drawn to?
The importance of a well-written research proposal cannot be underestimated. Your research is only as good as your proposal. A poorly written or poorly conceived research proposal will doom even an otherwise worthy project. On the other hand, a well-written, high-quality proposal will increase your chances for success. This chapter explores the essential elements of writing well for grant proposals, emphasizing clarity, audience awareness, organization, and style.
Understanding Your Audience
Every writer should keep their potential audience in mind during the writing process. Reviewers will use only the information contained in the application to assess it. Therefore, the applicant should ensure the application and responses to the program requirements and expectations are complete and clearly written. Do not assume that reviewers are familiar with the applicant's organization or the specific details of the project. Keep the review criteria in mind when writing the application.
Consider the agency’s mission, goals, and values. How does your proposal align with these? Tailor your vocabulary, the amount of background information you provide, and how you frame your goals to match the needs and expectations of your audience. Think about what kind of information will be most persuasive to them: data, testimonials, recommendations, or historical precedents. Construct your argument in a way that resonates with your readers and meets their expectations.
Clarity and Simplicity
When you write a grant, write simply and straightforwardly. State the ideas and concepts clearly, using shorter sentences, and select easily understandable words when there are options. Your writing won’t have more authority because you use bigger words. It will have authority because you have a deep understanding of your topic. Remember, grant reviewers read several proposals a day. The easier yours is to read, the more quickly they can grasp the concepts and, ultimately, the more positive their response to the proposal will be.
Avoiding Common Mistakes
Many people have pet peeves about certain uses of grammar, trite sayings, or current jargon. One might be bothered by a split infinitive (inserting an adverb between “to” and a verb as in “to boldly go”); another might think, “If I read the phrase ‘a seat at the table’ one more time…”; and still another might be weary of the overuse of “youth” to describe teenagers or adolescents or the use of “impact” as a verb. Be mindful of these potential annoyances and strive for clear, precise language.
It’s also important to be aware of unintentional habits from oral language that creep into your writing. To your ear, it may sound perfectly acceptable to use phrases and words that people use all the time, but writing is a more formal mode of communication and merits your attention to correct usage. Keep stylebooks, writing manuals, grammar textbooks, and a dictionary close to your computer for frequent use. When your work is corrected by a professor or an editor, learn from your mistakes. Commit the error to memory so you don’t repeat it.
Organization and Logic
Many applications fail because the reviewers cannot follow the thought process of the applicant or because parts of the application do not fit together. Be organized and logical. Divide your proposal into predictable sections and label them with clear headings. Follow exactly the headings and content requirements established by the granting agency’s call for proposals.
Grant proposals should be direct and to the point. This isn’t a place for flowery metaphors or subtle literary allusions. Your language should be uncluttered and concise. Match the concepts and language your readers use and are familiar with. Your readers shouldn’t have to work hard to understand what you are communicating.
Consistency and Accuracy
Provide accurate and honest information, including candid accounts of problems and realistic plans to address them. If any required information or data is omitted, explain why. Make sure the information provided in each table, chart, attachment, etc., is consistent with the proposal narrative and information in other tables.
Utilizing Visual Aids
Visual aids like graphs, tables, and drawings can enhance the clarity and impact of your proposal. Winning grant proposals often look different from typical academic journals. Sentences are shorter, with key phrases underlined or bolded to make them stand out. Lists are printed in bullet style. The writing is more energetic, direct, and concise. The subject matter is easy to understand, with fewer highly technical terms. These elements help reviewers quickly grasp the essential points and understand the proposal's significance.
Crafting a Strong Argument
Think closely about how you construct your argument in relation to your readers. Be brief, concise, and clear. Make each point understandable. Use numbered lists to organize your ideas within your proposal. For example, “This project’s three main goals are…” or “This plan will involve four stages…” Using numbers in this way may not be eloquent, but it is an efficient way to present your information in a clear and skimmable manner.
Tailoring Each Proposal
Because grant funding is so competitive, you will likely be applying for several different grants from multiple funding agencies. Design each proposal carefully to respond to the different interests, expectations, and guidelines of each source. While you might scavenge parts of one proposal for another, never use the exact same proposal twice. Additionally, when you apply to more than one source at the same time, think strategically about the kind of support you are asking from each organization. Do your research to find out which source is more likely to support a request for materials and which is more interested in covering the cost of personnel.
Success in grant writing is a matter of style and format as much as content. The best-written proposal will not win money for a weak idea, but many good ideas are not funded because the proposal is poorly written. A well-crafted proposal, tailored to the audience, clear and concise, and logically organized, significantly increases your chances of securing funding. By mastering these elements, you can ensure your proposals stand out and effectively convey the importance and feasibility of your projects.
Be the Authority
A proficient grant writer must not only excel in the art of proposal writing but also possess an in-depth understanding of the subject matter at hand. Whether the topic is cancer research, K-12 education, technology, counseling, or law enforcement, the writer must become an expert in the relevant field. This expertise allows the writer to present the project with authority, ensuring the proposal is both credible and compelling.
Expertise in the subject matter is crucial for several reasons. First, it enables the writer to articulate the nuances and complexities of the project effectively. A deep understanding of the field helps in identifying key issues, challenges, and opportunities, which can then be addressed convincingly in the proposal. For instance, a grant proposal for new cancer research must reflect an up-to-date knowledge of current studies, breakthroughs, and gaps in the existing research.
Second, subject matter expertise allows the writer to anticipate potential questions or concerns from reviewers. By understanding the intricacies of the field, the writer can proactively address these points within the proposal, demonstrating thorough preparation and foresight.
While some grant writers may possess the necessary background to quickly absorb new information, others may find certain topics, such as medical research, beyond their immediate grasp. In such cases, it is advisable to collaborate with subject experts. These collaborations can provide the depth of knowledge required to craft a persuasive proposal. Working with experts ensures that the proposal is factually accurate, scientifically sound, and aligned with current trends and best practices in the field.
The language used in grant proposals is as important as the content. One crucial aspect is the choice of auxiliary verbs. Using “will” instead of “would” conveys a sense of certainty and commitment. For example, “ABC nonprofit will train tutors” versus “ABC nonprofit would train tutors” makes a significant difference. The former indicates a definite plan of action, while the latter suggests that the action is contingent upon receiving funding, implying a lack of firm commitment.
Grantmakers often extract objectives from proposals verbatim for inclusion in grant agreements. Statements using “will” are straightforward and translate well into contractual obligations, such as “ABC will serve three hundred children by December 2024.” This clarity and commitment in language assure the funders of the organization’s dedication to executing the proposed project.
Beyond mastering the subject matter and choosing the right words, effective grant writing also involves presenting information in a clear, organized, and engaging manner. The proposal should be structured logically, with each section building on the previous one to create a cohesive narrative. Key points should be highlighted, and technical jargon should be minimized or clearly explained to ensure accessibility for all reviewers.
Engaging storytelling techniques can also enhance the proposal. By framing the project within a compelling narrative, the writer can capture the reviewers’ attention and make a more memorable impression. This involves not just presenting facts and figures but also illustrating the real-world impact of the project, perhaps through case studies or testimonials.
Successful grant writing requires a combination of subject matter expertise, precise language, and compelling storytelling. Writers must immerse themselves in the topic, collaborating with experts when necessary, to ensure the proposal is both authoritative and persuasive. The careful use of language, particularly the commitment implied by “will” statements, further strengthens the proposal. By integrating these elements, grant writers can create proposals that stand out and effectively communicate the potential impact of their projects.
Creating an Interesting and Compelling Grant Proposal
Crafting a compelling grant proposal is much like telling a captivating story. Your proposal should present the facts in an engaging manner, leading the reader—the grant reviewer—through a narrative that aligns with their expectations and priorities. By telling a cohesive story, you can hold the reviewer’s attention and make your project stand out. This chapter will guide you through the steps of creating an interesting and compelling grant proposal, emphasizing the importance of storytelling, clarity, and alignment with funder priorities.
The Power of Storytelling
At its core, grant writing is storytelling. A compelling story can effectively deliver your key points, making your proposal more memorable and persuasive. Start by deciding the main idea you want the reader to take away from your story. This central theme should be clear and consistently supported by the details you include.
Consider the following elements of storytelling when writing your grant proposal:
- Main Idea: Identify the core message or the primary takeaway you want to convey. This will guide the narrative and ensure that every detail supports this central theme.
- Goals, Obstacles, and Outcomes: Describe your goals, the obstacles you face, and the desired outcomes. This mirrors the plot structure of a story, where there is a problem, actions taken to overcome the problem, and a resolution. These elements are crucial for helping the funder understand why your project is worthy of support.
- Decision and Motivation: Explain the decision that propelled you to seek the desired outcome. This shows your motivation and helps the reader empathize with your cause.
- Context: Start your narrative with the who, where, when, and a hint of direction. Introduce the people involved, the location of your project, and the timeframe. This sets the stage and provides the context needed for the reader to follow your story.
Building the Narrative
A good story keeps the reader engaged and leads them to the conclusions you want them to draw. Here’s how to structure your narrative effectively:
- Introduction: Begin with a strong opening that captures attention. Introduce the main characters (e.g., your organization or the beneficiaries), the setting (e.g., the community or area you serve), and the central issue. For example:
- "Founded in 2020 by Kevin and Pat Jones, Michael’s Heart is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit focused on helping parents who lose a child unexpectedly understand the importance of organ donations. Michael’s Heart is based in St. Lake City, Utah, and is named after our deceased son, Michael, whose life was abruptly ended by a hit-and-run driver. Our sorrow transformed into a mission to donate Michael’s heart, saving another child's life."
- Problem Statement: Clearly outline the problem your project aims to address. Use vivid details and facts to paint a compelling picture of the current situation. For instance:
- "Each year, hundreds of families in our community experience the devastating loss of a child. Many of these families are unaware of the lifesaving potential of organ donation. Without intervention, these opportunities to save lives are missed, and the grieving process is prolonged."
- Goals and Objectives: Define your project’s goals and objectives. Make them specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Describe the actions you will take to achieve these goals. For example:
- "Our goal is to increase organ donation awareness among grieving families in St. Lake City. We will conduct 12 community workshops over the next year, reaching at least 200 families. These workshops will provide crucial information about organ donation and support resources."
- Methods and Strategies: Detail the methods and strategies you will use to achieve your goals. Explain why these methods are effective and how they will be implemented. For example:
- "Our workshops will be facilitated by trained grief counselors and medical professionals. We will partner with local hospitals, schools, and community centers to reach our target audience. Each workshop will include personal stories from donor families, educational materials, and interactive Q&A sessions."
- Evaluation and Impact: Describe how you will evaluate the success of your project and the impact it will have. Include both qualitative and quantitative measures. For instance:
- "We will track the number of workshop attendees and survey participants before and after the sessions to measure changes in awareness and attitudes toward organ donation. Success will be demonstrated by a 30% increase in the number of families registering as organ donors."
- Conclusion: End with a strong conclusion that reinforces your main message and leaves a lasting impression. Summarize the key points and highlight the significance of your project. For example:
- "Michael’s Heart is committed to transforming grief into hope through organ donation. With your support, we can educate and empower families to make lifesaving decisions, honoring their loved ones while giving others a second chance at life."
Practical Tips for Compelling Writing
- Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoid jargon and overly complex language. Write in a clear, straightforward manner that is easy for reviewers to understand.
- Engage with Details: Use descriptive and colorful details to bring your story to life. However, avoid overloading your narrative with unnecessary information. Balance detail with brevity.
- Stay Factual and Honest: Never fabricate or exaggerate details. Your proposal must be truthful and accurate. Misrepresentation can lead to loss of credibility and funding.
- Use Visual Aids: Incorporate graphs, tables, and images to support your narrative and break up text. Visual aids can make complex information more accessible and engaging.
- Organize Logically: Follow a clear, logical structure. Use headings and subheadings to guide the reader through your proposal. Ensure each section flows naturally into the next.
- Tailor to the Funder: Align your proposal with the funder’s priorities and criteria. Research the funder’s mission, goals, and values, and reflect these in your narrative.
- Highlight Success Stories: Include case studies or success stories to illustrate the impact of your work. Personal stories can make your proposal more relatable and compelling.
Creating an interesting and compelling grant proposal requires more than just presenting facts. It involves weaving a narrative that engages the reader, aligns with their values, and clearly demonstrates the need and impact of your project. By focusing on storytelling, clarity, and alignment with funder priorities, you can make your proposal stand out and increase your chances of securing funding. Remember, a well-told story not only holds the reader’s attention but also inspires them to support your cause.
Editing and Proofreading
Crafting a grant proposal is a meticulous process that extends far beyond the initial writing phase. Mistakes such as spelling errors, sloppy citing, mislabeled figures, and unfinished sentences are inexcusable and can frustrate reviewers, potentially jeopardizing your chances of securing funding. Therefore, using a spelling and grammar checker is essential, but it's not enough. A writer often becomes too close to their work to notice all errors, making editing and proofreading critical functions. Engaging others in these tasks can significantly enhance the quality of your proposal.
Editing: Shaping Your Narrative
Editing is the first crucial step after completing the initial draft of a grant proposal. It involves a comprehensive review to ensure clarity, coherence, and persuasive strength. Here are key aspects of the editing process:
- Reworking Sections for Better Flow and Impact: Editing involves revising sections to enhance readability and logical progression. This might mean reordering paragraphs, refining transitions, and ensuring each section builds on the previous one.
- Ensuring Consistency in Terminology and Tone: Consistent use of terminology and a uniform tone throughout the proposal can make it more professional and easier to follow. This consistency also reinforces the proposal's credibility.
- Clarifying Objectives and Outcomes: The proposal must clearly articulate its goals and expected outcomes, aligning them with the funder’s criteria. Ambiguous or vague statements can weaken your argument.
- Strengthening the Argument: Editors focus on enhancing the proposal’s persuasive elements, ensuring that the rationale for funding is compelling and well-supported by evidence.
- Adjusting the Structure: Adhering to the funder’s guidelines regarding structure and format is crucial. Editors ensure that the proposal is organized in a way that meets these guidelines and facilitates easy navigation for reviewers.
Editing is an iterative process that may require multiple rounds to refine the proposal's content and structure. This thorough approach ensures that the proposal presents a strong, coherent case for funding.
Proofreading: The Final Polish
Proofreading is the last step before submitting the proposal and focuses on correcting surface errors. It ensures the document is professional and error-free. Key tasks include:
- Correcting Typographical and Grammatical Errors: Proofreaders meticulously check for spelling mistakes, incorrect grammar, and punctuation errors that can undermine the proposal’s professionalism.
- Checking Consistency in Formatting: Consistent formatting, such as uniform headers, footers, and font sizes, contributes to a polished appearance. Proofreaders verify that the proposal adheres to these standards.
- Ensuring Adherence to Style Guides: Compliance with specific style guides or submission guidelines is crucial. Proofreaders ensure that the document meets all specified requirements.
- Verifying Accuracy in References and Citations: Accurate and properly formatted citations are essential. Proofreaders check that all references are correct and consistent with the required citation style.
Proofreading requires a meticulous eye for detail, as even minor errors can detract from the proposal's credibility and impact the funding decision.
Engaging External Reviewers
Given the challenges of self-editing, it is beneficial to involve external reviewers in the process. These reviewers can provide fresh perspectives and identify errors that the writer may have overlooked. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests requesting colleagues or mentors to review a draft early in the process. These early proofreaders can focus on macro issues such as the overall organization and logical flow of the narrative.
Additionally, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends enlisting someone not involved in the preparation of the application to review it. This person can concentrate on micro issues like word choice, sentence structure, and typographical errors.
The Distinction Between Editing and Proofreading
While the lines between editing and proofreading may blur, understanding their distinct roles is crucial for producing a high-quality proposal. Editing shapes the narrative, ensuring it is clear, compelling, and logically structured. Proofreading, on the other hand, polishes the document by eliminating surface errors and ensuring consistency and professionalism.
In the competitive field of grant submissions, every detail matters. Errors, whether minor typos or significant inconsistencies, can detract from the proposal's overall quality and reduce its chances of success. Editing and proofreading are essential steps that ensure the final document is polished, coherent, and compelling. By recognizing the importance of both processes and engaging external reviewers, grant writers can significantly enhance their proposals, increasing the likelihood of securing the desired funding. In essence, thorough editing and meticulous proofreading are the final touches that can make the difference between acceptance and rejection.
More Tips
Explain Acronyms and Terminology
In the realm of grant applications, clarity is paramount. The potential for securing funding often hinges on how well an application communicates its objectives, needs, and potential impacts. One crucial aspect of effective communication in grant writing is the careful use of language, particularly when it comes to acronyms, terminology, and jargon.
Grant applications are typically reviewed by a diverse panel of experts who may not share the same background or specialization as the applicant. Using unexplained acronyms and specialized terminology can create barriers to understanding, potentially alienating reviewers who are not familiar with the specific language of the field. By explaining acronyms and avoiding jargon, applicants ensure their proposals are accessible to all reviewers, regardless of their specific expertise. This inclusivity can significantly enhance the readability of the application, making it easier for reviewers to grasp the key points and appreciate the proposal's value.
When applicants take the time to explain acronyms and terminology, they demonstrate a commitment to clear and transparent communication. This effort builds trust and credibility with the review panel. It shows that the applicant is considerate of the reviewers' time and is dedicated to making their application as comprehensible as possible. Conversely, an application riddled with unexplained acronyms and jargon can come across as careless or, worse, as an attempt to obscure a lack of substance with complex language. Clear communication fosters trust, which is essential for convincing reviewers of the proposal's merit.
Studies have shown that people understand and retain information better when it is presented clearly and without unnecessary complexity. When reviewers encounter unfamiliar acronyms and jargon, they may struggle to follow the narrative of the proposal, leading to misinterpretations or overlooked key points. By using plain language and providing explanations for necessary technical terms, applicants can ensure that their proposals are not only understood but also remembered. This increased comprehension and retention can make a significant difference in a competitive grant application process.
Many grant applications involve multidisciplinary projects that require collaboration across different fields. In such cases, clear communication becomes even more critical. Explaining acronyms and terminology ensures that all collaborators, regardless of their discipline, can understand the project's objectives and methodologies. This clarity facilitates smoother collaboration and fosters a more cohesive team effort. Additionally, it demonstrates to the grant reviewers that the project is well-organized and has accounted for the diverse expertise required for successful execution.
Granting agencies often provide specific guidelines for how applications should be prepared and submitted. These guidelines frequently emphasize the importance of clear and concise language. By adhering to these instructions, applicants show that they respect the funding agency's requirements and are capable of following directions—an important quality for managing the grant if awarded. Ignoring these guidelines by using unexplained acronyms and jargon can result in the application being viewed unfavorably, regardless of the project's potential.
Voice
Using active voice is a crucial component of effective communication, particularly in grant writing. Active voice, characterized by clear, direct sentences where the subject performs the action, brings numerous benefits to writing, enhancing clarity, engagement, and persuasion. These attributes are especially vital in grant applications, where the goal is to convince reviewers of the proposal's value and feasibility.
Consider these examples:
- Active: "We will conduct the research."
- Passive: "The research will be conducted by us."
- Active: "Our team will implement the program."
- Passive: "The program will be implemented by our team."
These examples illustrate how active voice makes sentences clearer and more direct, which is essential in grant writing.
Clarity and Directness
Active voice promotes clarity and directness, making it easier for readers to understand the message. In grant writing, where the stakes are high, and the competition is fierce, conveying ideas clearly and concisely is essential. Sentences in the active voice are straightforward, reducing ambiguity and confusion. For example, "The team will conduct the research" is more direct and easier to understand than "The research will be conducted by the team." This directness helps reviewers quickly grasp the main points, improving their overall comprehension of the proposal.
Engagement and Readability
Active voice makes writing more engaging and dynamic. Sentences written in the active voice are typically shorter and more to the point, which helps maintain the reader's interest. In the context of a grant application, where reviewers may be reading through numerous proposals, keeping their attention is critical. Engaging writing can make a proposal stand out, increasing the likelihood that reviewers will remember it. For example, "We will develop a new community outreach program" is more compelling than "A new community outreach program will be developed." The active construction captures attention and keeps the reader focused.
Persuasiveness
Using active voice enhances the persuasiveness of writing. Active sentences often convey confidence and decisiveness, which are important qualities in grant applications. Funders want to support projects that demonstrate clear objectives and a strong plan of action. By using active voice, applicants can present their projects assertively, instilling confidence in the reviewers. For instance, "Our organization will reduce carbon emissions by 20% within two years" is a strong, persuasive statement compared to "Carbon emissions will be reduced by 20% within two years." The active voice emphasizes the applicant's commitment and capability to achieve the proposed outcomes.
Accountability and Ownership
Active voice also underscores accountability and ownership, which are critical in grant writing. It clearly identifies who is responsible for each action, making it easier for reviewers to understand the roles and responsibilities within the project. This clarity helps demonstrate that the applicant has a well-thought-out plan and that the team is prepared to execute it effectively. For example, "Our team will analyze the data and publish the findings" clearly shows who will perform these tasks, whereas "The data will be analyzed and the findings published" leaves the responsible parties ambiguous.
Positive Impression
Using active voice creates a positive impression of the applicant and their proposal. It suggests that the applicant is proactive, organized, and capable of delivering results. In contrast, passive voice can sometimes come across as vague or evasive, which might raise doubts about the applicant's preparedness or the feasibility of the project. Active voice conveys a sense of action and progress, which is exactly what funders are looking for in a proposal.
Points of View
Choosing between first and third person narration in grant writing is a common dilemma. High school English teachers and college professors often emphasized that the first person was inappropriate for research papers, leaving many wondering if the same rule applies to grant writing. While it might seem unnatural to use only the third person in grant proposals, the truth is that both styles have their merits and can be effectively combined.
Understanding the Differences
First person narration uses pronouns like "we" to refer to the applicant, making the proposal feel more personal and relatable. On the other hand, third person narration refers to the applicant organization as "it," which can lend a formal and professional tone to the writing. Each style has its advantages and potential drawbacks, depending on the context and the relationship with the funder.
When to Use First Person
First person narration can make your proposal more engaging and personable. This approach is particularly useful when you have established relationships with local grantmakers. Using "we" can foster a sense of collaboration and shared mission, making the proposal more relatable. For instance, stating "We aim to reduce homelessness in our community by 20% over the next year" is direct and conveys a sense of commitment and involvement.
However, solely using first person can sometimes appear too informal, especially for formal applications or when dealing with unfamiliar funders. Additionally, overusing "we" and "our organization" can cause the reviewer to lose track of who the applicant is, especially in longer proposals.
When to Use Third Person
Third person narration, while more formal, offers clarity and specificity. Referring to your organization by name repeatedly can help reinforce your brand and ensure that the reviewer remembers who you are. For example, "Churches United for the Homeless seeks funding to expand its shelter services" clearly identifies the organization and its goals.
This formality, however, can sometimes create a sense of distance between the writer and the reader. It might come across as stiff or impersonal, especially if overused. Additionally, longer organizational names can make the text cumbersome and harder to read.
The Case for Blending Both Styles
In practice, a blend of first and third person narration often works best. Combining the warmth and engagement of first person with the clarity and formality of third person can make your proposal more dynamic and readable. This approach allows you to enjoy the benefits of both styles while mitigating their respective drawbacks.
For example, you might use first person to describe your organization's mission and impact: "We have helped over 500 families find stable housing." Then switch to third person for specific project details: "Churches United for the Homeless now seeks $100,000 to expand its housing program."
Practical Tips for Blending
- Consistency: While blending, ensure consistency within each section. Avoid switching between first and third person in the same paragraph or sentence, as this can confuse the reader.
- Strategic Placement: Use first person for general statements about your organization’s mission, vision, and accomplishments. Use third person for specific details about projects, budgets, and formal requests.
- Clear Identification: When using third person, be clear and consistent in how you refer to your organization. If your organization has a long name, consider using a consistent abbreviation that is defined early in the proposal.
- Cover Letter: Always write your cover letter in the first person, regardless of the narrative style used in the proposal. This creates a personal connection with the reader from the outset.
Example of Blending in Action
Consider the following blended approach:
First Person: "Over the past decade, we have focused on reducing recidivism rates in our community. Our dedicated team has developed comprehensive programs that provide education and support to former inmates."
Third Person: "The Department of Community Outreach now seeks additional funding to expand these successful initiatives. With an increase in support, the Department can extend its services to more individuals in need."
This blend provides a personal touch while clearly identifying the organization and its needs.
Ultimately, the choice between first and third person narration in grant writing is not a strict one. Both styles have their advantages, and the best approach is often a blend of the two. By strategically combining first and third person narration, you can create a grant proposal that is both engaging and professional, ultimately increasing your chances of securing funding. Remember to be consistent, clear, and mindful of your audience’s expectations, and your proposal will stand out for all the right reasons.
Inclusive Language
Inclusive language is a crucial aspect of effective communication, particularly in the context of grant writing. It ensures that all individuals and communities are represented respectfully and accurately, promoting equality and reducing the potential for marginalization. Here are key reasons and strategies for using inclusive language in grant writing:
Gender
Unless your program is gender-specific, it’s essential to avoid language that excludes any gender. Using gender-neutral words like “who,” “one,” or “they” is a simple yet effective strategy. For example, instead of writing “Each participant should bring his notebook,” use “Each participant should bring their notebook.” Removing pronouns altogether, when possible, can also work, such as “Each participant should bring a notebook.” Always refer to individuals by their preferred pronouns to respect their identity and foster an inclusive environment.
Race and Ethnicity
Ethnic and racial groups must always be capitalized and as specific as possible. If you are writing about a diverse group of non-White individuals, the term “people of color” is more appropriate than “minorities.”
Ability
Unfortunately, many words used to describe disability or people with disabilities are disempowering. Always use people-first language when describing physical or mental conditions. There are similar issues when discussing older adults. Some terms can denote frailty or weakness, even unintentionally.
Sexual Orientation
Avoid writing statements that assume sexual orientation or gender identity altogether, unless it’s part of your participant demography. Describe relationships using inclusive terms such as partner, spouse, and family rather than gendered or hetronormative definitions, like husband or wife.
The Impact of Inclusive Language
How we talk and write about people and communities significantly impacts perceptions and relationships. Inclusive language acknowledges that terminology evolves and emphasizes the importance of using current, respectful terms. Don’t assume you know the most inclusive language, even if you belong to the community you’re writing about. Seek input from team members and community experts to ensure accuracy and sensitivity. According to the Linguistic Society of America, using inclusive language “avoids past pitfalls or habits that may unintentionally lead to marginalization, offense, misrepresentation, or the perpetuation of stereotypes.”
The concept of inclusive language is dynamic, continually evolving as communities’ voices grow louder and societal awareness increases. There’s always room for improvement, both on an individual level and within the broader movement for inclusivity. Standards for inclusive language shift as more attention is given to how communities prefer to be addressed. Grant writers should stay informed about these changes to ensure their language remains respectful and up-to-date.
People-first language and gender-neutral language are key components of inclusive writing. People-first language prioritizes the individual over their condition or circumstance, for example, “person with a disability” rather than “disabled person.” Gender-neutral language avoids assumptions about gender, using terms like “postal worker” instead of “postman.” These guidelines help prevent the reinforcement of negative biases and stereotypes, promoting an appreciation of diversity and individual differences.
While emotional or charged language might seem compelling, it can sometimes reinforce harmful stereotypes. Instead, grant writers should focus on presenting clear, factual information about the challenges faced by the communities they aim to serve. Describing practical and logistical barriers, rather than individual shortcomings, paints a realistic picture and avoids placing blame on individuals. This approach also makes the situation more relatable and understandable for funders.
The most accurate and respectful language is often best determined by the people it describes. Terms evolve rapidly, and what was acceptable a few years ago may no longer be appropriate. Engage with stakeholders and community members to ensure the language used aligns with their preferences and values. Review materials from advocacy organizations and grantmakers’ publications to understand the preferred terminology and reflect that in your writing.
Guiding Principles of Inclusive Language
Several broad principles can guide the use of inclusive language:
- Acknowledge Privilege and Power Dynamics: Use language that counters narratives contributing to marginalization. Describe external factors affecting communities, such as discrimination and lack of resources.
- Focus on Facts: Provide a realistic depiction of challenges without sensationalizing or oversimplifying. Highlight systemic issues rather than individual faults.
- Consult the Source: Always validate your language choices with the communities involved, recognizing that terminology and preferences change over time.
Using inclusive language in grant writing is essential for accurately and respectfully representing diverse communities. It promotes equality, reduces marginalization, and enhances the effectiveness of communication. By following inclusive language principles, grant writers can ensure their proposals are not only clear and compelling but also aligned with the values of respect and inclusivity that are vital in today’s diverse society.
Cover Sheets
The cover materials are the first thing grant reviewers see when they pick up your application, so it's essential to ensure each part is complete, well-presented, and correctly placed. For foundation and corporate requests, you will often use a common grant application form when the funder does not provide a specific format. It's crucial to follow the funder’s instructions exactly and use the common form as directed without modifications.
For federal grant applications, the Application for Federal Assistance, commonly referred to as SF-424, is a mandatory document and is sometimes required by state agencies as well. This form standardizes the data needed for federal funding requests. In addition to this, an abstract or executive summary is typically required by all types of funders. This section should provide a brief, clear summary of your project, outlining the main points and expected outcomes. Some federal and state grant applications also request a table of contents, but not all do. Always check the specific guidelines of the funding agency and adhere strictly to their instructions. Do not modify PDF forms or alter the format in any way.
Regardless of the specific template, several key pieces of information are commonly requested. These include details about your organization, such as its name, tax-exempt status, year founded, date of application, address, telephone number, fax number, director, and a contact person with their title. This information gives the funder a basic overview of your organization’s eligibility. Clearly stating the amount of funding you are requesting is critical, as this immediately informs the funder of your needs and expectations. It's also wise to submit tailored proposals to multiple funders to maximize your chances of securing the necessary funds.
Most foundation and corporate grants cover a one-year period, though some may provide multi-year support. Specify whether your request is for general operational support, startup funds, technical assistance, or other needs, and use the appropriate terminology. A project or program title adds a personal touch to your request, so make sure it is consistently used throughout all documents.
When outlining the total project budget, include the overall costs to execute your program, factoring in both in-kind and cash contributions. Indicate the start date of your organization’s fiscal year, which can vary, so check with your financial team. Provide the total operating budget for your organization for the current fiscal year and summarize your mission statement succinctly to fit within the cover form's space constraints.
After completing the grant application narrative, summarize the project or grant request. This summary should concisely convey your project's purpose and goals, effectively capturing the essence of your proposal.
Accuracy is critical, so double-check that all forms, particularly PDFs, are filled out correctly and adhere to the required format. Ensure consistency in terminology and titles throughout your application to avoid any confusion. Before submitting, thoroughly review all cover materials for completeness and accuracy. By carefully preparing and presenting your cover materials, you create a positive first impression and increase the likelihood of securing funding. These elements not only convey essential information but also demonstrate the professionalism and readiness of your organization.
Executive Summaries and Cover Letters
The final steps before submitting a grant proposal are writing the executive summary or abstract and the cover letter. So, even though they may come first in your proposal, they should be written last. These sections are often your first opportunity to make an impression, and the concise writing required can be challenging. Writing these last allows you to select the key points from the entire proposal, ensuring your summary and cover letter highlight the most important aspects.
The executive summary or abstract provides a brief overview of your project. This section should concisely capture the essence of your proposal, summarizing the project's goals, methods, and anticipated outcomes. As this might be the first and sometimes only part read initially, it needs to be clear and compelling.
Cover letters are required by some grantmakers, especially foundation and corporate funders, and serve two main purposes: summarizing the project and making the funding request upfront, and expressing gratitude to the potential funder for considering your proposal. While government funders rarely ask for cover letters anymore, foundations and corporations might.
Writing Tips for Cover Letters
- Timing: Write the cover letter last. After completing the full proposal, you’ll have a clear understanding of the project’s key points, making it easier to summarize effectively in the cover letter.
- Addressing the Letter: Use the date you plan to send the grant application. Ensure consistency in dates across all documents. Address the cover letter to the specific contact person, including their name, title, and the funder’s full address. Verify this information through a phone call, email, or online search to avoid mistakes.
- Greeting: Start with a formal greeting, such as “Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs. [Last Name].” Double-check the preferred title of the contact person. If unsure, contact the funder’s office for clarification. Some individuals prefer gender-neutral titles, so when in doubt, it’s best to ask.
- Introduction: The first paragraph should be short and focused. Introduce your organization by its legal name, then yourself with your job title. Clearly state the amount of money you are requesting and briefly explain why your organization needs it. Include a sentence or two about what your organization does.
- Organizational Details: In the second paragraph, provide brief details about your organization’s corporate structure and the date it was founded. Explain how your organization’s mission aligns with the funder’s priorities. Support your claims with a sentence that includes research-based evidence demonstrating the need for your organization’s work.
- Conclusion: Wrap up with a summarizing paragraph that reflects on what the funding partnership could achieve for your project’s target audience. Use a creative closing statement, such as “Awaiting your response” or “With great hope,” to convey optimism and gratitude.
- Signature: Sign the letter with your first name, inviting a personal connection. Below your signature, type your full name and job title. Typically, the executive director or board president should sign the letter.
- Attachments: At the bottom of the letter, include a note such as “ATTACHMENTS” or “ENCLOSURES” in capital letters. This indicates that additional documents, like the full grant proposal, are included in the packet.
The cover letter should be brief and to the point, reflecting a deep understanding of the funder and the proposal. Avoid simply repeating information from the grant request. Instead, let your passion and understanding of the project shine through. By carefully crafting these final pieces, you set a positive tone for the rest of your proposal.
Style
Formatting
When preparing a grant proposal, it’s essential to follow the outline provided in the grantmaker’s guidelines or Request for Proposal (RFP) exactly. This attention to detail ensures that your application meets the funder's expectations and facilitates easier review. Here are some key strategies for adhering to these guidelines and crafting a compliant, clear proposal.
First, structure your proposal by numbering or lettering sections exactly as they appear in the grantmaker’s guidelines. For instance, use formats like 1, 2, 3 or I, II, III for main sections, and A, B, C for subheadings. This mirroring of the funder's structure helps reviewers quickly locate and assess the information they need. If the guidelines include instructions in bullet form under a heading, identify these instructions with callouts in bold or italic type, ensuring that each question is clearly addressed.
When creating headings and subheadings, simplify the grantmaker's instructions to make them easily identifiable. For example, if the instructions state, “Identify the need in your community for a technology center,” you can shorten this to “Statement of Need” or “Need for Project.” Extract the core elements of questions for subheadings; for example, “How have you involved constituents in the development of your project?” can become “Constituent Involvement.”
In terms of presentation, unless specified otherwise, use a twelve-point serif font such as Times New Roman or Palatino for the body of the narrative, as these fonts are considered the most readable. Sans serif fonts can be used for headings and subheadings to clearly delineate sections and enhance readability. This typographic distinction helps to make the document more navigable and visually appealing.
Pay close attention to page margins, which are often specified by the grantmaker. If not, the standard is one inch on all sides. If you are allowed to bind the document in a three-ring binder or folder, increase the left-side margin by half an inch to accommodate the binding. This adjustment ensures that the text is not obscured by the binding mechanism.
Line spacing is another important consideration. Government RFPs typically specify whether to use single or double spacing between lines. If no instructions are provided, single spacing is usually acceptable. To improve readability, leave a line space between paragraphs rather than indenting the first line. Additionally, include a line space between the end of one subheading and the beginning of the next within the document.
By following these guidelines, you demonstrate your ability to comply with funder requirements and present a professional, organized proposal. This attention to detail not only helps your application stand out but also makes it easier for reviewers to evaluate your project’s merits. In sum, adhering strictly to the grantmaker’s guidelines and presenting a clear, well-structured proposal significantly enhances your chances of securing funding.
Length
In the world of grant writing, almost all proposals come with strict word or page limits. Adhering to these limits is crucial, as most funding agencies will not consider proposals that exceed them. Brevity is essential in grant proposals; excessively long sentences and unnecessary repetition can discourage readers. To achieve maximum readability, sentences should be concise and all non-essential information should be excluded. Following instructions meticulously is imperative.
Most foundations share the perspective of a diligent high school English teacher: the proposal should be as long as necessary to make your points effectively, but no longer. Foundation staff and trustees, like everyone else, do not enjoy wading through voluminous, highly technical documents. Ideally, your concept paper should be ten pages or fewer. Grant proposals are generally not thrilling reads, so it is vital to keep them succinct and engaging.
Requests for Proposals (RFPs) often come with strict rules regarding page counts. With the rise of eGrants—electronic submissions mandated by the government—these limits can extend to word or character counts. Failure to adhere to these limits can lead to your proposal being discarded outright. If an RFP requires a ten-page limit and you submit twelve, the extra pages might be discarded, and you could lose crucial points for the missing sections. Even if your initial sections score highly, exceeding the page limit can be detrimental to your overall score compared to the competition.
As foundations increasingly move to electronic submissions, they often restrict narratives by the number of allowable words or characters. Utilize the tools in your word processing software to ensure your narrative does not exceed these limits. Double-check after pasting sections into online forms to ensure that the entire entry is visible before submission. While it can be challenging to condense your case statement or project description to a limited number of characters, this practice forces you to focus on what is most important. It helps you (a) tell the reader only what they need to know, (b) emphasize the most critical aspects of your program, and (c) speak with authority on the subject.
Grant reviewers are typically very busy and have limited time, so they appreciate proposals that are easy to understand and quickly get to the point. They can become frustrated if they have to struggle to comprehend the proposal or to discern the project's objectives. If a proposal fails to engage them from the very first page, they may not read further. In cases where reviewers must provide a written critique, they will likely begin looking for reasons to justify not funding the proposal.
Senior reviewers consistently highlight "clear" and "concise" as top characteristics of good grant writing. Brevity is not just a matter of style; it is a key aspect of successful grantsmanship. In the spirit of Mies van der Rohe's famous dictum about modern architecture: "Less is more." This principle applies equally well to grant writing. By ensuring your proposal is concise and to the point, you increase its readability and enhance your chances of securing funding.
Headers/Footers
When preparing a grant proposal, it's crucial to include a header or, preferably, a footer with the page number on every page of the narrative. For longer applications, you may also need to number appendix documents sequentially. This can be accomplished by running existing documents, like an audit, through your printer to add just the footer. This practice not only ensures that your documents are well-organized but also facilitates the creation of a table of contents for extensive grant applications.
Including the name of your organization, the project name, and the location of the nonprofit in the footer of each page is essential. This practice helps prevent mix-ups and ensures that each page is easily identifiable. Here's a cautionary tale to illustrate the importance of this practice: Years ago, two nonprofits from different states, both named “The Bridge,” applied for the same federal grant. One organization scored high and was awarded funding, but due to a clerical error, the grant agreement and the first check were sent to the wrong Bridge. By the time the mistake was discovered, the government had no appeal process, and the funds had already been expended. The successful applicant was left without the promised funding due to this error. The lesson here is clear: make sure every page of your narrative contains identifying information to ensure that your project, nonprofit, and location are unmistakably identified.
Even when preparing documents for online submission, retaining footers and headers in your drafts is important. Systems like eGrants, used by the federal government, collate different sections into one packet for distribution to reviewers. Therefore, having consistent headers and footers ensures that your documents remain organized and identifiable throughout the review process.
In practice, including headers or footers with necessary information serves multiple purposes. It enhances the professionalism of your proposal, making it easier for reviewers to navigate and reference specific sections. It also reduces the risk of errors during the review process, as each page is clearly marked with essential details.
To implement this, ensure that your footer includes the following:
- The name of your organization
- The project name
- The location of your nonprofit
- Page numbers
This setup helps in maintaining clarity and consistency throughout your document. In case of long documents or numerous appendices, this approach simplifies the process of locating and verifying information, which is critical during the review.
Finally, always double-check that your headers and footers are correctly formatted and consistent across all documents before submission. This attention to detail reflects the professionalism and thoroughness of your organization, qualities that can positively influence reviewers’ perceptions and increase your chances of securing funding.
In summary, always include identifying information on every page of your grant proposal. This simple yet effective practice ensures clarity, prevents mix-ups, and maintains the professional integrity of your submission. By doing so, you safeguard your application against errors and enhance its readability and organization, ultimately supporting a stronger case for your funding request.
Photos and Graphics
When crafting a grant proposal, it's important to avoid unnecessary beautification. Elements such as photos, color type, fancy bindery materials, or any other embellishments that do not contribute to the clarity and conciseness of the proposal should generally be avoided. The primary focus should be on presenting your content in a clear, straightforward manner.
If an organizational structure or a process plan is better understood through a graphic, by all means, use a graph or illustration. However, when including graphics, ensure that you reduce the narrative content accordingly to make space for these visuals. This not only justifies the use of illustrations but also maintains a balance between text and graphics. Color type, while visually appealing, is an unnecessary expense in terms of toner or copying costs. Even graphs and charts can be effectively printed in grayscale or with different patterns to distinguish various elements.
If you need to attach existing color documents, such as a program brochure or an annual report, ensure you include one for every copy of the proposal unless the funder’s instructions specify otherwise. Sometimes, a foundation will request one set of attachments and several copies of the main proposal. It’s crucial to adhere to these guidelines to avoid any missteps.
Charts can be extremely useful for presenting timelines, goals, objectives, or other data that is more easily understood in a visual format. However, keep these charts in black and white, and use bold, italics, and underscoring to differentiate information. This approach ensures that your charts are clear and professional without the need for color.
A few practical tips about using charts: First, tables sometimes do not transfer well in online submissions. To preserve the formatting of your charts, save your document in Adobe PDF format before submitting it. This will help maintain the integrity of the chart parameters. Second, if the Request for Proposal (RFP) specifies that the document must be double-spaced, this requirement applies to all parts of the document, including charts, unless otherwise instructed. Be sure to follow this guideline to ensure compliance.
In essence, while visuals and formatted text can enhance the readability of your proposal, over-embellishing can detract from its professionalism and clarity. Focus on ensuring that your content is presented as clearly and concisely as possible, using graphics and charts only when they add significant value and understanding to your narrative.
By keeping your proposal straightforward and avoiding unnecessary beautification, you help reviewers focus on the substance of your application. This approach not only saves costs but also ensures that your proposal maintains a professional and serious tone, increasing the likelihood of it being well-received by the funders.
Finalizing Your Grant Application Package
Before you can consider your grant application complete, it’s crucial to focus on the finishing touches. Adhering to the funder’s packaging and formatting guidelines is essential; failing to do so can result in losing valuable technical review points, potentially disqualifying your application before it even gets a chance. This section outlines the final steps you must take to ensure your grant application is ready for submission.
Most government grant applications, and even some foundations and corporations, now require an application package or online upload checklist. This checklist details everything needed for a complete application package. Use this checklist to ensure you include each section the funder expects to find when they review your submission. Some funders even require you to include this checklist within your application package, specifying its exact placement.
Not all private-sector funders (foundations and corporations) provide these comprehensive checklists. If your funder doesn’t offer one, creating your own checklist is a practical solution. Based on the funder’s instructions, type out a list showing the order of the application materials. Determine the first document the funder needs to read upon opening your package, and continue the list until it includes all necessary forms, narrative sections, and attachments. Be sure to note the recommended length for each section or the entire narrative.
Creating your own checklist serves multiple purposes. It provides peace of mind, ensuring you haven’t missed any required components. It also guides you through the completion of the funding package, signaling when it’s ready for submission. Even if you’ve already reviewed your checklist twice, it’s worth going through it a third time. Triple-checking ensures you haven’t overlooked any critical details.
Once your checklist is complete, ensure every item on it is meticulously prepared and formatted according to the funder’s specifications. Pay attention to details like font size, margin widths, and document formatting, as these seemingly minor aspects can impact your application’s reception.
Next, assemble your application package in the precise order dictated by the checklist. This order often starts with the cover letter, followed by the executive summary or abstract, the detailed proposal narrative, budget details, and any required attachments or appendices. Ensure each document is properly labeled and paginated, making it easy for reviewers to navigate.
Consider the physical presentation if submitting a hard copy. Use a binder or folder to keep documents organized and protected. For electronic submissions, make sure all files are correctly formatted and named according to the funder’s guidelines. Double-check that all hyperlinks and embedded documents work correctly.
Finally, take a moment to reflect on your application from the perspective of a reviewer. Is it clear, concise, and compelling? Does it align with the funder’s mission and priorities? Have you demonstrated the impact and feasibility of your proposed project? Addressing these questions can help you make any last-minute adjustments to strengthen your application.
Sample Cover Letter
[Your Name]
[Your Title]
[Your Organization’s Name]
[Organization’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
[Email Address]
[Phone Number]
[Date]
[Contact Person’s Name]
[Contact Person’s Title]
[Funders’ Organization’s Name]
[Organization’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
Dear [Contact Person’s Title and Last Name],
I am writing to request your support for [Your Organization’s Name] through a grant of $[Requested Amount]. Our organization is dedicated to [briefly describe the mission of your organization], and we are seeking funding for our [specific project or program name], which aims to [briefly describe the project’s goals and objectives].
[Your Organization’s Name], founded in [Year], is a [your organization’s legal status, e.g., 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization] based in [Location]. We have been serving the community for [number of years] and have achieved significant milestones, including [mention a few key accomplishments or impacts]. Our mission aligns closely with [Funder’s Organization’s Name]’s commitment to [mention how your project aligns with the funder’s mission or funding priorities].
The [Project Name] will [briefly describe the need your project addresses, the approach you will take, and the expected outcomes]. Specifically, our project will [mention key activities and anticipated results]. Research indicates a critical need for [mention relevant data or statistics to support your project’s necessity]. By addressing this need, we aim to [summarize the long-term impact of your project].
We are confident that with your support, [Your Organization’s Name] can make a significant difference in [mention the target community or population]. Enclosed with this letter, you will find our detailed grant proposal, which includes a comprehensive overview of the project, budget details, and supporting documentation. We have also included all necessary forms and appendices as requested in your guidelines.
Thank you for considering our application. We greatly appreciate the opportunity to present our project for your review. We look forward to the possibility of partnering with [Funder’s Organization’s Name] to achieve our shared goals. Should you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to contact me at [Your Phone Number] or [Your Email Address].
With great hope,
[Your Handwritten Signature (if submitting a hard copy)]
[Your Typed Full Name]
[Your Title]
Attachments: [List of attachments, e.g., Grant Proposal, Budget, Appendices]
Sample Foundation Proposal Cover Sheet
Foundation for Animal Welfare Grant Application Cover Sheet
Date:_______________
Organization Name:____________________________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________________________ Phone:_______________________ Website:__________________________ Executive Director/Chief Operating Officer:________________________________________ Phone:_______________________ Email:____________________________________ Project Contact Person:_______________________________________________________ Phone:_______________________ Email____________________________________ |
Project Name:________________________________________________________________
Project Description:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total Project Cost: $________
Total Amount Requested: $________
Total Operating Budget: $________
Authorizing Signature(s):
________________________________ _____________ _____________________________
Signature, Executive Director Date Printed Name
_______________________________ _______________ ____________________________
Signature, Board Chairperson
References
Biesenbach, R. (2018). Unleash the Power of Storytelling: Win Hearts, Change Minds, Get Results. Eastlawn Media.
Clarke, C. A. (2001). Storytelling for grantseekers: The guide to creative nonprofit fundraising. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Grants.nih.gov. (n.d.). Write your application. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://grants.nih.gov/grants/how-to-apply-application-guide/format-and-write/write-your-application.htm#Important%20Writing%20Tips
Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Introduction to Grant Writing. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/professional_technical_writing/grant_writing/index.html
Rossi, E. (2020). Effective business writing: Advanced writing skills that help you achieve results faster.
Santoro, H. (2021). The daunting but vital world of grant writing. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/career-grant-writing
The Writing Center at the University of Wisconsin. (n.d.). Planning and Writing a Grant Proposal: The Basics. Retrieved from https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/grants/
University of North Carolina. (n.d.). Grant Proposals (or Give me the Money). Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/grant-proposals-or-give-me-the-money/
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (n.d.). Tips for preparing grant proposals. Retrieved from https://www.fns.usda.gov/fm/tips-preparing-grant-proposals
Wiseman, J. T., Alavi, K., & Milner, R. J. (2013). Grant writing 101. Clinical Colon and Rectal Surgery, 26(4), 228-231. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356722
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